International business Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Universal business - Dissertation Example The proposed research is about an examination of the Chinese business condition with a perspective on deciding how universal organizations can accomplish viable administration of their activities inside this market. This exploration will be accomplished through a logical report through the utilization of examination approach. The discoveries will be broke down and talked about with a point of responding to the exploration inquiries in the best way. Writing Review In agreement to Pranee (2009, p. 15), the globalization of the world economy has made organizations internationalize with the goal that they would extend their tasks and have an enormous offer on the planet advertise. China is a nation with numerous business openings notwithstanding its huge market. In view of this numerous universal organizations have attempted to contribute their capital inside the Chinese market. Quer, Claver and Rienda (2007, p. 360) clarify that these organizations have anyway been tested by the legitim ate, political, monetary and social system inside the Chinese society. Shi and Wright (2001, p. 364) bring up that past exploration on the Chinese market uncovers that universal organizations which have made progress in the Chinese market have accomplished this through the usage of suitable methodologies in the administration of worldwide business. ... Furthermore, legitimate and political consistence by worldwide organizations in China has assumed a significant job in characterizing the accomplishment of organizations which work in the Chinese market (Pranee, 2009, p. 25). For instance the administration of fruitful global organizations and organizations in China incorporate correspondence and relational connections which are follower to the Chinese social condition. This is significant on the grounds that directors of global business in China are ordered to deal with the neighborhood representatives successfully to guarantee that they are persuaded for imagination, imaginativeness and expanded efficiency (Shi and Wright, 2001, p. 368). All the more essentially, business dealings of worldwide organizations with their Chinese accomplices must be overseen viably so as to guarantee achievement of arrangements. Wright, Szeto and Lee (2003, p. 187) shows that during exchanges, the social conduct of the neighborhood accomplices must be clung to concerning correspondence, dressing and meeting decorum. Procedure According to Panneerselvam (2004), a blended exploration approach is proposed for the investigation. Blended examination systems incorporate the utilization of subjective and quantitative exploration approaches in a logical report. Through a blended exploration approach both subjective and quantitative information on the examination point will be gathered and investigated for conversations and introduction of discoveries. The exploration configuration is a contextual investigation of China. The assortment of information will include auxiliary sources through which assortment of quantifiable and subjective information will be accomplished. This information will be investigated through a similar examination approach with the goal that convincing proof will be gotten on the best administration approaches in the administration of worldwide business

Health Information System or Health It for Business

Question: Examine about the Health Information System or Health It for Business. Answer: Presentation: The way toward using a variety of innovations for sharing, putting away and examining human services related data alludes to the term Health Information System or wellbeing IT. The investigation incorporates different perspectives and worries of Health Information System. What's more, it proposes to utilizes some new advances just as existing advances in another manner. The human services associations use HIT or wellbeing data innovation for improving patient consideration. Not just the human services associations can utilize the wellbeing IT yet in addition the patients can utilize HIS for reaching specialists and making a meeting with them (Gaspar et al., 2013). Need of IT in Health Care: At present world, the need of data innovation is pivotal. As the quantity of patients have expanded in a decade ago and consistently expanding it is a cerebral pain to physically deal with all the data. Likewise, through data innovation the social insurance associations can give more mind to the patients. As a result of the new live video administration, the patients don't have to visit the specialists any longer (Piho et al., 2014). Versatile applications can be utilized for setting arrangement among specialist and patient. Along these lines the patient fulfillment will be expanding step by step. The data frameworks are likewise ground-breaking to deal with all the healthcares interior procedures, for example, doling out medical caretakers, specialist, making installments and accepting installments. So by utilizing the IT assets, the medicinal services can have their procedures adaptable as those were at no other time (Ryu et al., 2013). Besides, dealing with the immense measure of data will be a simple undertaking. Why the associations require IT? The associations can utilize the IT for setting up correspondence between them so their ability won't be limited distinctly to them. Significance of IT in Business Survival: For getting by in the business, it is significant to execute and oversee new procedures for improving inward and outside business forms. The data innovation helps the human services associations to connect with the potential patients and decrease the expense of the procedures. Through the remote work structure, it permits specialists and the patients to get in touch with one another from anyplace (Low Chen, 2012). Decreasing the time and exertion of the procedures are fundamental for making due in the market as just through focusing on the upgrade of the center business forms the association can go ahead to improve its nature of administration. Correspondence is additionally fundamental for business endurance. The medicinal services associations can speak with other to tackle the issue so they can deal with the entire procedures effectively. The patients are the primary key to serving, so the IT assets likewise focus on giving better patient fulfillment and increment the adaptability of the patient procedures (Gaspar et al., 2013). IT necessities in Business: Cost: The IT can be actualized in an association through two different ways. In the first place, actualizing the in-house framework and second, cloud based framework. For two of the cases, the expense is unique (Piho et al., 2014). The in-house framework alludes to the framework that exists in the workplace reason, and all the expense must be banished by the association. In spite of the fact that on account of cloud based framework, the framework is sent in the cloud and the association get to the framework through the sound web association (Ryu et al., 2013). For cloud administration, the customer association needs to pay just the month to month or week by week charges, and the expense of the assets are totally of the supplier. Arranging: The arranging stage relies upon the prerequisites of the medicinal services association. It comprises of the worries like how much assets are required and what conveyance model to be utilized. The nature of administration and hazard minimization are additionally remembered for the arranging stage. Structuring: Designing for the most part worries over the engineering of the framework (Low Chen, 2012). Gear: Software, equipment, reinforcement, debacle recuperation, database and considerably more are the different devices that should be chosen cautiously before sending the framework (Chiao, Kunzle Reichert, 2012). Establishment: Experienced and very much qualified work force will be answerable for introducing the framework. From the framework to the necessary assets, all the apparatuses must be introduced appropriately, and they should have the association between them (Piho et al., 2014). Use of Information Technology in Business: Through the ad and item advancement, the medicinal services associations will have the option to do advertising. The IT will be used for advanced advertising, for example, advancing the name of the human services in different sites and applications (Chiao, Kunzle Reichert, 2012). The IT likewise help with expanding the efficiency of the procedures in any case whether those are inward or outside. The accomplishing of social insurance gets improved as the procedures become increasingly associated and are executed in arrangement. The possibility of blending the duties of the specialist gets nearly disposed of. The contact with the medication supplier and other utensil suppliers get expanded. The patients can contact the specialist quickly from anyplace. For getting the arrangement, they don't have to visit the medicinal services (Gagnon et al., 2012). For minor cases, the patients can do video talks with the specialist. Arriving at the client are currently a simple assignment. On the of f chance that the patient is neglecting to visit a specialist for multiple occasions, at that point the person in question are reached. What's more, the applications that are introduced in the cell phones gets notification of the arrangement before a day with the goal that the patient remember. In medicinal services business decreasing the expense of the procedure is an extraordinary preferred position. As the IT will consequently do the vast majority of the minor and medium errands, the cost paying extra workers will be not any more required (Low Chen, 2012). It will likewise do the dull works for lessening the expense of running exercises. Points of interest: The points of interest that the medicinal services associations are having a direct result of the utilization of Information Technology are as following. It presents to-date, exact and complete data of the patients. Increasingly solid endorsing (Gagnon et al., 2012). Improving security and protection of patient data. Sharing of the patients electronic data with greater security (Dinh et al., 2013). More effectiveness regarding business exercises for meeting destinations. Quick access to the patient and representative data. Diminish desk work by the utilization of electronic wellbeing record or HER (Kellermann Jones, 2013). Give the data to the individual who really need it. Give better coordination between the specialists. Wipes out superfluous procedures and tests (Dinh et al., 2013). Electronic wellbeing record stores all the data of the patients and make it open at whenever from anyplace through an application. Through speaking with one another, the medicinal services associations are finding additional opportunities (Dinh et al., 2013). Oversees verification to the data. For example, the patient can't get to wellbeing data of another patient yet the specialists can get to that data (Kellermann Jones, 2013). Different Risks of IT in Healthcare: The primary sort of hazard is a key hazard. On the off chance that the arranging and booking are evaluated in an incorrect manner, at that point it very well may be an overwhelming outcome for the association. The medicinal services association will lose its cash and time. The hazard in key arranging is relative to the intricacy of the framework. Taking care of and acquiring the IT structure can make numerous dangers (Chiao, Kunzle Reichert, 2012). After the effective usage of the framework, it may not be anything but difficult to keep up the framework appropriately. All things considered, the hazard can be excessively high as it as hurtful as the disappointment of vital arranging. Data is everything in business. So losing the data can mean losing business. On the off chance that the human services loses fundamental data, it without a doubt will get influenced by the money related issues. Security is an enormous issue as far as data innovation (Gagnon et al., 2012). The assailants ca n hack the framework and get all the important data. In the event that the data of the patient gets unapproved work force, it will be against the classification. Business Maintenance and Monitoring: For observing the business, the human services associations are utilizing electronic wellbeing record. It stores all the data of the patient and makes it accessible to the approved work force. For checking, the workers and specialists the database are utilized. The arrangements will be put away for future arranging (Chiao, Kunzle Reichert, 2012). The medicinal services will dissect the data of the specialists for arranging the following calendars. Suggestions: The recommendations for improving the HIS are as following. The human services associations are required to expand the security. For that reason, increasingly forceful methodologies are expected to take (Flottorp et al., 2013). The patient protection must be expanded by building up new guidelines and security controls. The patients must take duties regarding making sure about their data. Restricted authoritative procedures are should have been set up (Middleton et al., 2013). End: The investigation infers that the utilization of the HIS is fundamental to all the mid and enormous level medicinal services associations. The medicinal services data framework utilizes electronic wellbeing record for putting away and recovering patient data. The cutting edge advancements will be utilized for upgrading the patient fulfillment. The electronic wellbeing record expands the effectiveness of information accessibility. Keeping up the framework after usage is essential for any association as the blemish in upkeep won't give any benefit to the association. The framework robotizes a significant number of the low, mid and excess procedures. The last end is that the

Interpretation poem

Inventive Interpretation Interpret one of the sonnets from the course In another material structure: visual, sculptural, sound, video, as well as advanced. Fruitful imaginative translations will go past depicting the topical substance of the sonnet and speak to its formal, verifiable, as well as material viewpoints also. Show a nuanced comprehension of the sonnet. Rate an important and complex connection among materiality and significance. Show that huge idea and exertion has been placed into the venture. Your understanding ought to coordinate the total content of your sonnet into the undertaking here and there with the goal that your Interpretation could be comprehended by a group of people that hasn't read the sonnet. It would be ideal if you note that a broadside doesn't meet the â€Å"significant thought and effort† prerequisites of this undertaking. 2.Essay Write an article of 900-1200 words that investigates your picked sonnet and explains how your masterful decisions in your innovative translation react to explicit topical, formal, chronicled, or potentially material parts of the sonnet. Effective expositions will give significant foundation data about the sonnet. Offer a postulation proclamation that plainly explains how the imaginative translation utilizes material highlights to react to the sonnet. Break down explicit parts of the sonnet? citing where appropriate?that are pertinent to the undertaking's masterful decisions. Leary depict how the task utilizes explicit material highlights to develop an Interpretation of the sonnet. Be written In a conventional scholarly style. You can expect that your peruser has seen your task, so you can concentrate on breaking down instead of portraying it. You can utilize â€Å"l† in this paper to allude to your decisions, however the article should concentrate on the sonnet and the undertaking as opposed to your pinions, convictions, inspirations, and so forth. Your imaginative understanding will be ex pected face to face during our last class meeting on Wednesday, June 4 at 3:30.Your paper will be expected online by Monday, June 9 at 3:mom. It would be ideal if you note: the sonnet you decide for this task must be not quite the same as the ones you decide for your small scale paper portfolio and your broadside. Last Project Grading Rubric Creative Interpretation sonnet, including important formal, authentic, and additionally material perspectives. Execution. The decision of medium is productive for the task; explicit material decisions are intriguing, significant, and viable. Exertion. The undertaking shows a lot of thought and effort.Essay Poem Analysis. The exposition offers a convincing investigation of the sonnet, concentrating on perspectives generally applicable to the venture and citing where suitable. Venture Analysis. The article breaks down explicit material decisions of the inventive understanding in detail. Association and Writing. The exposition has an unmistakable h ierarchical structure, including a presentation, sections with point sentences, changes, and an end; the paper utilizes formal scholarly writing shows.

Hinduisms Main Principles

Hinduism is one of the most seasoned and boundless religions on the planet; as of now it is rehearsed by individuals who may live in altogether different nations. This paper is planned for examining the primary standards of Hinduism, it social angles and its effect on the general public in the United States. Promoting We will compose a custom article test on Hinduism’s Main Principles explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The information on these issues is significant for understanding the assorted variety of current social orders in which individuals may have various convictions, values or even impression of God. Generally speaking, one can distinguish the accompanying qualities of Hinduism, to be specific the acknowledgment of various strict perspectives, the confidence in rebirth of soul, and the possibility that God can take a wide range of structures. Besides, it ought to be noticed this religion is currently polished in numerous Western nations, for exam ple, the United States and its essence expands the decent variety of present day American culture and makes individuals progressively mindful about the assortment of strict convictions. Above all else, Hinduism is hard to characterize in light of the fact that this religion joins an assortment of convictions that perceive the ethical authority of the Vedas which are strict writings starting from antiquated India (Mittal and Thursby 3). Also, Hinduism incorporates a few sections or gatherings of individuals who may have various ceremonies. It ought to be noticed that there are a few unmistakable highlights of Hinduism. Absolutely, the supporters of this religion acknowledge the presence of God as a more powerful that made the universe. Also, God is available in each living being. However, Hindus believe that an individual can venerate God in various structures. The god can have various personalities, for example, Shiva, Vishnu, or Brahma (Neusner 186). It is hard to decide if Hinduis m is monotheistic or polytheistic religion. Indeed in some section of Hinduism, individuals can acknowledge the presence of a few divinities (Neusner 186). Hence, Hindus don't acknowledge the possibility that God can take just one structure. This is one of the issues that individuals ought to recall. Besides, individuals should consider that Hinduism did not depend on some particular standard or a lot of composed sources. The Vedas do assume a significant job in the lives of Hindus, however different strict pioneers could give their own translation of God and profound quality. Furthermore, it is important that this religion doesn't set direct necessities for the admirers who may follow distinctive strict ceremonies. All the more significantly, Hinduism doesn't dismiss different types of strict confidence. It isn't against Judaism, Christianity, or Islam. Hindus don't contend that their view on God and the universe is the main conceivable one. These are the fundamental differentiatio ns of the religion and individuals ought to recall about them while cooperating with Hindus.Advertising Looking for exposition on religion philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One ought to likewise talk about the way of life of Hinduism. It ought to be contemplated that Hinduism advanced over the span of a few centuries during which Indian subcontinent saw numerous political, social, and segment changes. Moreover, Hinduism can be drilled in various nations, for instance, India, Sri Lanka, or Bangladesh. This is the reason one ought not assume that this religion is constantly connected with some particular social qualities or practices. There are a few ceremonies that play a significant life in the social existence of Hindus, for instance one can make reference to, various types of yoga, or celebrations such Gudi Padwa and Bihu (Kaur 1968). These celebrations are held by Hindus who may live in various nations. Besides , Hinduism acknowledges the possibility of material belongings and even sexy delights given that an individual doesn't abuse the moral standards, particularly on the off chance that he/she doesn't restrain the opportunity of others. Moreover, it is conceivable to distinguish a few social qualities that Hindus typically perceive, specifically, the regard for older folks, humility, and acknowledgment of ones constraints and shortcomings. In this way, this religion focuses on the lowliness of a person. These social qualities influence Hindus’ relations with others. Also, one should take note of that Hinduism would now be able to be drilled in the United States for over a century. Surely, this religion isn't trailed by most of the notoriety. However, these days, Hindu sanctuaries can be found in various pieces of the nation, for example, one can make reference to such states as California, Illinois, New York, etc (Neusner 180). Numerous Hindus live in such urban regions as Chicag o, Philadelphia, San Francisco, or New York (Neusner 180). This religion is trailed by individuals who came to America from India or Sri Lanka. There are a few manners by which this religion impacts the general public. Above all else, one can make reference to that American individuals have gotten increasingly mindful about strict and social practices that may exist in non-Western nations. The nearness of Hinduism makes individuals progressively mindful of the way that there are different types of strict confidence, and they can vary from the Judeo-Christian convention which is prevailing in the United States. A portion of these practices have gotten exceptionally mainstream, for example, one can make reference to Yoga that is extremely well known among numerous individuals. Accordingly, the impact of Hinduism can be viewed as positive since this religion stresses the need of resistance and regard toward the perspectives on others.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on H induism’s Main Principles explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overall, I have an inspirational disposition toward Hinduism, despite the fact that I didn't have direct contacts with this religion. As it has been said previously, it acknowledges various types of love and strict confidence and it isn't against different religions. This element significantly requests to me on the grounds that the supporters of Hinduism don't imagine that their strict perspectives are in any capacity better than those of others. Also, Hinduism doesn't force certain limitations on admirers. They don't need to keep certain principles, while revering God. At the end of the day, these individuals have an overall level of opportunity. Along these lines, an individual, who isn't associated to any religion, may have a good disposition toward Hinduism. Positively, my judgment might be emotional, and progressively exact evaluation can be given on the off chance that I become familiar wit h the convictions and moral rules that Hindus perceive and different categories of this religion. In general, these models recommend that contemporary Hinduism is an energetic religion that would now be able to be drilled in Western and non-Western nations. Its standards remember the dismissal of unyieldingness and accentuation for the freedom of a person. Throughout its history, it experienced a few noteworthy changes, however it remains speaking to numerous individuals to a limited extent since Hindus don't guarantee their impression of God is preferable or progressively exact over the convictions of others. The nearness of Hinduism in the United States can be viewed as a constructive power since American individuals can get familiar with the moral and social parts of different religions. Works Cited Kaur, Raminder. Performative Politics and the Cultures of Hinduism: Public employments of Religion in Western India, Delhi: Anthem Press, 2005. Print. Mittal Sushil, and G. Thursby. C onsidering Hinduism: key ideas and techniques, New York: Routledge, 2008. Print.Advertising Searching for exposition on religion religious philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Neusner, Jacob. World Religions in America: An Introduction, Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2009. Print. This article on Hinduism’s Main Principles was composed and put together by client Malcolm Mason to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Life slows down a bit if you let it

Life slows down a bit if you let it The blogs turn 10 and all the bloggers get e-mails saying Write something fun for the 10-year blog birthday! so, of course, I say yes.  It wasnt until 12 hours before it was due that I started writing and it was only THEN that I discovered I really didnt have a lot to talk about.  Why?  Because Ive let life slow down a bit since graduating.  On campus it was like BLOG CONTENT!  BLOG CONTENT!  FIRE! UNICYCLE! MATH! ACTIVITY! LECTURE! WITTY! WOO! Now?  mow the lawn. go to work. clean stuff. swear at deer eating plants. do other stuff.  eh. Wow Snively, youve let your life go to hell, so boring! Not so!   Life is actually pretty great!   If you ignore the average 1.5 hour each way commute I have to/from work (which, though less than desirable, is really helping me climb the ranks in Waze), Im doing pretty well! I summarized my life after school in my last blog post so Ill just do some quick updates this time. 1)   Yup, still skydiving :) This picture got me famous on Reddit for a while.   Im the Lego guy. Sometimes I just grab people in the air and fling them.   Im the one filming. 2)   Solar panels went up on the roof yesterday 3)   Thanks to Bianca we now have a hydrangea A lot of my friends are plugging their ways towards their PhDs, have crazy cool jobs in crazy cool cities, but Im actually rather content with my mortgage, cat, girlfriend, and hydrangea. Tell you what, though, with admissions season coming up, Ive started to realize that Ive hit that critical time away from campus point where I dont necessarily know everything going on anymore.   A new dorm has opened since Ive left, new classes have been created, there are new regulations etc and Im not as good at answering questions.   I find my self restricted primarily to holistic questions and helping prepare emotionally, not so much logistically. I went to the admitted students BBQ in Portland a couple weeks ago and chatted with a few prefrosh (Hi Amelia!) and found myself not quite as on top of my game.   Maybe thats good, maybe its a sign that Im slowly recovering ;) I am excited, though, to be an Educational Counselor and to interview prospective students for the first time this year.   Ive been moving around a bunch and never got around to signing up until recently. Thats about all Ive got for now, sorry to be so brief :/   Life keeps plugging right along, slower but pleasant.   If anybody wants to do a skydive with me Im at Skydive Oregon most weekends but Ill be in Massachusetts at Skydive Pepperell on Sep 13th so swing by and do a tandem! Cheers! -Snively

Connections Count. And You Can Create Them.

I worked with a client, who due to medical reasons, only earned a 2.2 GPA in a social science degree program. After graduating, he decided that the right career path for him was computer science so that he could realize his dream of becoming a tech entrepreneur. He had an ideal school in mind and began reaching out to students in the computer science program to learn more about their experiences. He was so enthusiastic about what he heard, that he decided to take a bold step and move halfway across the country. He enrolled in this top university’s continuing education division, taking courses that would not lead to an academic degree, but would give him the credibility he needed. Eighteen months later, he had taken every course that is required for a computer science major and earned A’s in all of them. I suggested that he visit the admissions office and introduce himself, which he did. Because the professors knew him by then, and the admissions staff also knew him and given his outstanding, relevant post-baccalaureate record, he was accepted into the graduate program for computer science. How to stand out from the crowd When working with clients who are applying to graduate programs, I often observe that they focus 100% of their energy on perfecting their resume and essays. Of course, written documents are critical components of a successful application, as are standardized test scores and college grades, but what can differentiate an applicant is evidence that the candidate reached out to current students or alumni of the program to learn firsthand about the school’s culture, academic programs, student clubs, internship opportunities, and more. Most graduate programs are described on their websites, and applicants are apt to quote from this information to persuade an admissions committee that this is their top-choice school. The applicants who make the effort to reach out to those who experienced the program are more likely to uncover details that relate to their personal and professional goals. And its that effort and those details that end up being much more convincing to the adcom. In the process of connecting with others, applicants can gain valuable insights and even good leads that can jump-start their success upon arrival to campus. For example, you are working as a technology consultant in India and don’t personally know anyone at the U.S. schools where you are applying. On the school’s website, you can usually find a list of student clubs, and oftentimes, the club officers and contact information are also listed. You can send an email to these individuals asking if they would be willing to speak to you about the club activities and answer other questions you have about the school. If the officers are all too busy to speak with you, ask to be referred to another club member. There may be a university alumni club in your country. You can also reach out to the alumni club’s representative and ask if he or she knows of recent graduates with whom you can speak. If these efforts fail, ask the admissions office to assist you with student or alumni referrals. Go beyond the information on the school website Many international students cannot afford the time or investment it takes to visit U.S. or European campuses. Therefore, it is even more important to make that extra effort to connect with campus officials, students, and alumni. In doing so, you’ll be learning inside knowledge that you can then use in essays and interviews that show that you truly care about the program and are a match that they should seriously consider. Connections count – start making yours now. We can help you fine-tune your application so that it shows your deep understanding of yourself and of the programs you’re applying to. Check out our Admissions Consulting Services for more information on how we can help you get ACCEPTED. hbspt.cta.load(58291, '4751002f-5aa9-40d8-bb71-6d43a4318bd2', {}); With 30 years of career and admissions experience at four universities, including Cornell’s College of Engineering and Johnson Business School, Dr. Karin Ash facilitated students’ entry into the world’s best companies. As a member of the adcom she also evaluated applications; she knows what schools and employers seek. Want Karin to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! Related Resources: †¢ Fitting In Standing Out: The Paradox at the Heart of Admissions, a free guide †¢Ã‚  How LinkedIn Can Help You Get Accepted †¢Ã‚  Analyzing Your Skills Before Applying to Graduate School

Biography of Steve Jobs, Co-Founder of Apple Computers

Steve Jobs (February 24, 1955–October 5, 2011) is best remembered as the co-founder of Apple Computers. He teamed up with inventor  Steve Wozniak to create one of the first ready-made PCs. Besides his legacy with Apple, Jobs was also a smart businessman who became a multimillionaire before the age of 30. In 1984, he founded NeXT computers. In 1986, he bought the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd. and started Pixar Animation Studios. Fast Facts: Steve Jobs Known For: Co-founding Apple Computer Company and playing a pioneering role in the development of personal computingAlso Known As: Steven Paul JobsBorn: February 24, 1955 in San Francisco, CaliforniaParents: Abdulfattah Jandali and Joanne Schieble (biological parents); Paul Jobs and Clara Hagopian (adoptive parents)Died: October 5, 2011 in Palo Alto, CaliforniaEducation: Reed CollegeAwards and Honors: National Medal of Technology  (with  Steve Wozniak), Jefferson Award for Public Service,  named the most powerful person in business by Fortune  magazine,  Inducted into the  California Hall of Fame, inducted as a  Disney LegendSpouse: Laurene PowellChildren: Lisa (by Chrisann Brennan), Reed, Erin, EveNotable Quote: Of all the inventions of humans, the computer is going to rank near or at the top as history unfolds and we look back. It is the most awesome tool that we have ever invented. I feel incredibly lucky to be at exactly the right place in  Silicon Valley, at  e xactly the right time, historically, where this invention has taken form. Early Life Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, in San Francisco, California. The biological child of Abdulfattah Jandali and Joanne Schieble, he was later adopted by Paul Jobs and Clara Hagopian. During his high school years, Jobs worked summers at Hewlett-Packard. It was there that he first met and became partners with Steve Wozniak. As an undergraduate, he studied physics, literature, and poetry at Reed College in Portland, Oregon.  Formally, he only attended one semester there. However, he remained at Reed and crashed on friends sofas and audited courses that included a calligraphy class, which he attributes as being the reason Apple computers had such elegant typefaces. Atari After leaving Oregon in 1974 to  return to California, Jobs started working for Atari, an early pioneer in the manufacturing of personal computers. Jobs close friend  Wozniak was also working for Atari. The future founders of Apple teamed up to design games for Atari computers. Hacking Jobs and Wozniak proved their skills as hackers by designing a telephone blue box. A blue box was an electronic device that simulated a telephone operators dialing console and provided the user with free phone calls. Jobs spent plenty of time at Wozniaks Homebrew Computer Club, a haven for computer geeks and a source of invaluable information about the field of personal computers. Out of Mom and Pops Garage By the late 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak had learned enough to try their hand at building personal computers. Using Jobs family garage as a base of operation, the team produced 50 fully assembled computers that were sold to a local Mountain View electronics store called the Byte Shop. The sale encouraged the pair to start Apple Computer, Inc. on April 1, 1979. Apple Corporation The Apple Corporation was named after  Jobs favorite fruit. The Apple logo was a representation of the fruit with a bite taken out of it. The bite represented a play on words: bite and byte. Jobs co-invented the  Apple I  and  Apple II  computers together with  Wozniak, who was the main designer, and others. The Apple II is  considered to be  one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers. In 1984, Wozniak, Jobs, and others co-invented the  Apple Macintosh  computer, the first  successful home computer with a mouse-driven graphical user interface. It was, however, based on (or, according to some sources, stolen from) the Xerox Alto, a concept machine built at the Xerox PARC research facility. According to the Computer History Museum, the Alto included: A mouse. Removable data storage. Networking. A visual user interface. Easy-to-use graphics software. â€Å"What You See Is What You Get† (WYSIWYG) printing, with printed documents matching what users saw on screen. E-mail. Alto for the first time combined these and other now-familiar elements in one small computer. During the early 1980s, Jobs controlled the business side of the Apple Corporation. Steve Wozniak was in charge of the design side. However, a power struggle with the board of directors led to Jobs leaving Apple in 1985. NeXT After leaving Apple,  Jobs founded NeXT, a high-end computer company. Ironically, Apple bought NeXT in 1996 and Jobs returned to his old company to serve once more as its CEO from 1997 until his retirement in 2011. The NeXT was an impressive workstation computer that sold poorly. The worlds first web browser was created on a NeXT, and the technology in NeXT software was transferred to the Macintosh and the iPhone. Disney Pixar In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group from Lucasfilms computer graphics division for $10 million. The company was later renamed Pixar. At first, Jobs intended for  Pixar to become a high-end graphics hardware developer, but that goal was never met.  Pixar moved on to do what it now does best, which is make animated films. Jobs negotiated a deal to allow Pixar and Disney to collaborate on a number of animated projects that included the film Toy Story. In 2006, Disney bought Pixar from  Jobs. Expanding Apple After Jobs returned to Apple as its CEO in 1997, Apple Computers had a renaissance in product development with the iMac, iPod, iPhone, iPad, and more. Before his death, Jobs was listed as the inventor and/or co-inventor on 342 United States patents, with technologies ranging from computer and portable devices to user interfaces, speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards, and packages. His last patent was issued for the Mac OS X Dock user interface and was granted the day before his death. Death Steve Jobs died at his home in Palo Alto, California, on October 5, 2011. He had been ill for a long time with pancreatic cancer, which he had treated using alternative techniques. His family reported that his final words were, Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow. Legacy Steve Jobs was a true computer pioneer and entrepreneur whose impact is felt in almost every aspect of contemporary business, communication, and design. Jobs was absolutely dedicated to every detail of his products—according to some sources, he was obsessive—but the outcome can be seen in the sleek, user-friendly, future-facing designs of Apple products from the very start. It was Apple that placed the PC on every desk, provided digital tools for design and creativity, and pushed forward the ubiquitous smartphone which has, arguably, changed the ways in which humans think, create, and interact. Sources Computer History Museum.  What Was The First PC?Gladwell, Malcolm, and Malcolm Gladwell. â€Å"The Real Genius of Steve Jobs.†Ã‚  The New Yorker, 19 June 2017.Levy, Steven. â€Å"Steve Jobs.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 20 Feb. 2019.

Curbing Deaths Caused by Smoking Free Essay Example, 2250 words

The intention of this proposal is as part of a consultation report as requested by the World Health Organization. Its recent campaign to have the all tobacco-related products have warning signs seems not to be yielding the expected results. This has led to the need for this work. The report of our consultation will describe another means of curbing this menace that will not only prove to be workable but also effective. To be specific and objective we will use New Zealand as a case study. Cigarette smoking is the single biggest cause of avoidable loss of life and illness in New Zealand. Approx 4500 to 5000 New Zealanders die each year from their own smoking or exposure to the smoking of others. Cigarette smoking is a top cause of melanoma, serious respiratory illnesses and cardiac arrests, such as heart attacks and strokes. The Government is serious about decreasing the tremendous damage, struggling and loss of life that smoking causes. It is important problem for the nation s public wellness. New Zealand has a long reputation for applying actions to reverse the damages of smoking. We will write a custom essay sample on Curbing Deaths Caused by Smoking or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Among these choices, the Government is now considering a plain-packaging program for tobacco products to further prevent smoking, decrease smoking occurrence and improve inhabitant s wellness. Purpose of this document The goal of this assessment papers is to: i. Set out the Government s plain-packaging proposal ii. Collect the opinions of fascinated people, companies and organizations iii. Notify New Zealand s business associates and encourage their comment iv. Search for more information based on the offer. v. Recommend this moves to the entire world once its success is proven

Human Trafficking and the International Sex Industry Essay

Human Trafficking and the International Sex Industry Human trafficking refers to the movement of persons across borders for forced labor, sexual exploitation or other illicit activities. Sex trafficking is the most lucrative sector of human trafficking America, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Eastern Europe, and Russia. The global political economy, political corruption, human rights, gender and ethnic stratification, and migration are all related to human trafficking. In many developing countries globalization has brought masses of wealth to the elite at the expense of the poor. Consequently, many women of the poorer classes leave their homeland in search of opportunities for employment. These women are disproportionately affected by†¦show more content†¦Siri’s family could not make a decent living under these neo -liberal economic policies. When Siri was fourteen years old, her parents sold her to a woman who had promised to find her a â€Å"good job†. The woman then sold her to a brothel for $4,000, leaving Siri to pay the debt. She was initiated into prostitution by the pimp who raped her. Siri was strong -wiled and resisted this oppression. After being abused by her first customer, she ran away. Unfortunately, a police officer brought her back. The pimp beat her and her debt was double from $4,000 to $8,000. Upon realizing that she would never be able to get out of debt, Siri stopped running away and tried to build a rel ationship with the pimp simply in order to survive. Siri’s story illustrates the complicated dynamics of sex trafficking. Prostitution and sex work in general has become part of the global economy (Truong 1996). Some women choose to go into the sex industry while others are deceived or forced into it. Human trafficking networks usually use deception, coercion, or force to push women into sexual slavery. Some women migrate with the knowledge that they wil l be doing sex work while others are told they will be given legal jobs such as working as secretaries or housekeepers. Women often migrate with the intention of getting a non -sex job but then are forced into prostitution to pay off their smuggling debts (Kwong, 2001). Many governments have long promoted s ex tourism as a way ofShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking And Sexual Exploitation1138 Words   |  5 PagesHuman trafficking has been dubbed the modern version of slavery as it is the act of taking an individual by force or coercion for some aspect of labour purposes. The phenomenon of human trafficking for sexual exploitation is not a recent one. Human trafficking has historical roots in traditions of worldwide slavery and in debt-bondage in the South East Asian region. In the 20th century, during the periods of the First World War and the Second World War, human trafficking for sexual exploitation grewRead MoreThe Truth About Human Trafficking1520 Words   |  7 PagesAbout Human Trafficking Human Trafficking is a modern-day form of slavery involving the illegal trade of people for exploitation or commercial gain (Human Trafficking). The term human trafficking evolved from slavery in the early 1900’s and continued to become a global market over the past 100 years. There are several different types of human trafficking such as forced labor, sexual exploitation, people smuggling, and the harvesting of organs for commercial profit (Types of Human Trafficking.). VictimsRead MoreCounter-Protocols Against Human Sex Trafficking1333 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal estimates of human trafficking range from six hundred thousand to four million victims each year – the majority being victims of sex trafficking (McCabe, Manian, 2010). These women, men, and children are considered the backbone of one of the world’s most profitable industries forced to do the unthinkable before being discarded. In response to the overwhelming growth of the business, many nations (inc luding the United States) have set out to prevent, prosecute, and rehabilitate offendersRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Modern Day Form Of Slavery1393 Words   |  6 Pageswhat human trafficking is? Well, human trafficking is just another name for modern slavery.   Different medias, like television shows and movies, make it look like human trafficking only happens in foreign countries or to foreign citizens.   That however, is dangerously untrue.   It is one of the biggest crime industries in America, behind drug and arms dealing.   It’s happening right in our backyard, human trafficking is extremely prevalent in big American cities and states with international bordersRead MoreTaking a Look at Sex Trafficking1704 Words   |  7 Pages Sex trafficking has been a problem worldwide for a very long time. It has up until recently been seen as a problem in other countries and not seen as a large problem in the US. Over the last decade though there has been major findings that it is a thriving industry in the US as well. Sex trafficking is defined as, â€Å"A commercial sex act which is induced by force, fraud or coercion in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age or the recruitment, harboring, transportationRead MoreSimilar To Many Successful Enterprises, Terrorist Groups1399 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing forced to converge with organized crime to integrate local criminal activities in order to fund international terrorism. According to Steven D Alfonso, author of Why Organized Crime and Terror Groups Are Converging, D Alfonso notes that there is â€Å"evidence of Hezbollah establishing a strong base in Latin America over the past decade or more and working with Mexican DTOs [dru g-trafficking organizations] to launder money, finance terrorism and smuggle people† (D Alfonso, 2014). Other diversifiedRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1173 Words   |  5 PagesHuman trafficking is organized crime where human beings are controlled and exploited (Merriam-Webster).   Despite slavery being illegal in the United States and countless countries around the world, human trafficking known as the modern slavery still exists both domestically and internationally.   There are multiple forms of human trafficking such as forced labor, sex trafficking, child exploitation, organ and tissue trafficking, and people smuggling (INTERPOL).   Specifically looking at sex traffickingRead More Kolab: A Sex Trafficking Survivor from Cambodia 1562 Words   |  7 Pageselectrocuting me, cutting me† (Global Sex Trafficking 1). This is the real-life testimony of a woman named Kolab, a sex trafficking survivor from Cambodia who shares her story with Equ ality Now, a female human rights advocate organization. Sucked into a world of fear, subjugation, and danger, Kolab demonstrates a lifestyle that no female would ever want to imagine-yet which for many women is their everyday reality. Often times, when we hear the term â€Å"sex trafficking† we think of an illegal form of sexualRead MoreSex Trafficking : The Second Largest Illegal Industry1638 Words   |  7 PagesSex-trafficking is the second largest illegal industry in the world. When a community produces generations of pimps, who can supply prostitutes with impunity from the law, this can be a recipe for disaster. For the city of Tenansingo (in the state of Tlaxcala Mexico), pimping and acquiring prostitutes has become a way of life for this small community. Pimps have mastered the art of tricking women into prostitution, which feeds the transnational sex-trafficking industry and impacts the internationalRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1210 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Trafficking Imagine being able to own a business and make nothing but profit. One of the types of trafficking is Labor Trafficking, which helps keep prices cheaper by having cheap workers. If companies do not have people working in factories for very little then a lot of prices would go up crazy like on clothing and furniture. A lot of countries economy are built off sex trafficking which helps the economy significantly. The ongoing â€Å"phenomenon† of human trafficking is not a problem

The Freedom Restoration Act Should Not Be Treated Like...

Whether big or small, corporations should not be treated like people, let alone granted religious freedom. The Supreme Court continued the horrible trend of pro-corporation rights. Whether one stands with Hobby Lobby, Inc. and considers this case a success of religious freedom or an intrusion, I see it as the court favored corporation’s rights over personal rights. Female workers should be given the availability to use contraceptives. In 2012, the Supreme Court ruled on the case of Burwell v. Hobby. The case dealt with the free exercise clause under the first amendment and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFTA) and whether a for-profit corporation could be exempt from the Affordable Care Act. The free exercise clause of the First Amendment states that Congress shall make no law...prohibiting the free exercise of religion. Therefore, Religious Freedom Restoration Act prohibits the government from â€Å"substantially burdening† a person’s exercise of religion unless â€Å"application of the burden is in furtherance of a compelling government interest† and is the â€Å"least restrictive means of furthering that interest†. The Affordable Care Act sought to provide affordable alternative health resources to female workers, like contraception. Business of more than 50 employees were required to cover the cost of contraceptive in which Hobby Lobby, Inc. believed the coverage of these methods went against their faith. In addition, the regulation would impose a regulatory fee to companiesShow MoreRelatedPolitical Situation in Pakistan14875 Words   |  60 Pagesthe birth of Pakistan every government has appealed for national unity. Pakistan has run into crisis after crises, each graver than the preceding and unity has eluded us despite all the fervent appeals made. There must be serious reasons why crises should exist in abundance and not unity. These reasons need to be examined. Our country has been threatened by two sorts of c rises-a general one affecting the world, but particularly Asia; and the other casting its gloom over the sub-continent. There isRead More5- Islamic Civilization (fall; a force; world peace).6212 Words   |  25 Pageswhich I have rarely seen asked. After Admiral Perry s â€Å"Black Ships† visited Japan in the mid-19th century, the Japanese immediately realised how far they were behind the United States. Accordingly Japanese society transformed itself with the Meiji Restoration and threw itself into a frenzy of modernisation which was so successful that by 1905 they were able to defeat Russia in battle on land and sea. Why did Muslim majority countries which were adjacent to Europe and therefore fully informed how farRead MoreAbout Face: the Face Transplant Debate6103 Words   |  25 Pagesthus restricting movement and resulting in a mask-like appearance. From a surgical standpoint, facial transplant offers an attractive option. By transferring an entire facial skin flap, including the vascular supply, from one person to another, surgeons envision optimal outcome with muscle function that most people take for granted, such as breathing, chewing, and closing their eyes to sleep (Hartman, 2005). This functional improvement should also coincide with improved aesthetic appearanceRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesPowers Resolution 49 II. 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For the last century and a half a complex body of legislation called the Companies Acts has declared that if anyone presents to Companies House the documents required to form a ‘company’, the Registrar of Companies will issue a Certiï ¬ cate of Incorporation stating, like a birth certiï ¬ cate, that a new person, a ‘limited company’, has that day come into being. This robotic person, ‘owned’ by its shareholders, has no arms or legs, nor evenRead MoreNotes18856 Words   |  76 Pagesmonumental milestone in  ­ the development of Africa. The Africans consider the impact of colonization  ­ on them to be perhaps the most important factor in  ­ nderstanding the u p  ­ resent condition of the African continent and of the  ­ frican people. A Therefore, a close scrutiny of the phenomenon of  ­ olonialism is necessary c to appreciate the degree to which it influenced not only the economic and political development of Africa but also the African people’s perception of themselvesRead MoreControl Theory15246 Words   |  61 Pagesrun dry. This is not to say that Hirschi’s theorizing has been universally popular. His frameworks are bold—critics would say pretentious (Geis, 2000)—because they claim to be â€Å"general theories† that explain crime across types of crime and types of people. Hirschi also has shown little interest in race,class,and gender inequalities that others—especially those from more critical perspectives—see as fundamental to any explanation of crime (see, e.g., Miller Burack, 1993). 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Rogers Chocolate Free Essays

Introduction Rogers’ Chocolate is on a mission to have the company double or triple its size within 10 years. An analysis will be performed to figure out a strategic plan where Rogers’ Chocolate will be able to grow, and maintain their image of providing premium chocolates. The issue facing Rogers’ Chocolate is how they will be able to gain new customers and sustain their current customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Rogers Chocolate or any similar topic only for you Order Now To give a thorough analysis, I will identify and explain the strategic issue, present the results of the analysis, and present alternative strategies. Finally, I will present my recommendation and conclude the analysis. Strategic Issue The strategic issue facing Roger’s Chocolate is how to grow the company by being able to gain new customers and still maintain their current customer base. The objective of Rogers’ Chocolate is to double or triple the size of the company within 10 years. By growing, this means that they will need more production, more employees, and more customers. Rogers’ Chocolate will need a strategy that will help position them to be able to grow the way they want it to. Analysis After reviewing Rogers’ Chocolates finances, they are good shape and have improved from 2005 to 2006. This improvement shows opportunity for the company to reach its objective of growing. According to their balance sheet, their current ratio for 2006 is 1. 366 (2,330,241/1,705,132) and 1. 245 (2,896,842/2,326,966) for 2005. These numbers show that they are able to continue to pay off their obligations. This means they are in a position where they shouldn’t go bankrupt. It also shows that Rogers’ Chocolate are just efficient enough in the sense of turning their product into cash. The company’s cash available for next year, 2007, is $74,744. This is down from what they had at the beginning of the year, $151,802. This may hurt them when trying to invest into new areas. The external environment of Rogers’ Chocolate looks very promising. Godiva and Bernard Callebaut are the only ones that seem to threaten Rogers’ Chocolate position in the market. The other chocolate companies are of lower quality and price but still compete with Rogers’ Chocolate. Godiva’s chocolates are priced higher but lower quality. Bernard Callebaut’s chocolate are similar to Godiva’s in price, are in similar locations as Rogers’ and are also good in new introductions and seasonal products. They are also superior to Rogers’ when it comes to their packaging. The internal environment doesn’t look well for Rogers’ Chocolate. With very few employees who do multiple jobs, Rogers’ seems like they are not able to handle their demand for their product. Also their issue with out of stock product causes many problems when trying to keep up with other demands. Strengths for Rogers’ Chocolates include liquidity and their differentiation from other competitors. Roger’s is in a good position financially. They are not in the best position but are in a good enough position to make changes and improvements. Rogers’ is also efficient. Once, again they are not at their best, but are efficient enough to be a successful competitor. They are also very strong in their image. They are able to differ from their competitors with high quality chocolate and an image that is known locally. Rogers’ weaknesses are cash flow and production. Although Roger’s Chocolate is not in a position to go bankrupt, they have limited cash to invest into improving their operations. With the low amount of cash they have, they may have to borrow in the future. Another weakness is their production efficiency. A low number of employees and bad planning causes their production to be slow and inefficient. Inventory management and out of stock problems cannot continue if Rogers’ want to be able to grow into the company they want it to become. Rogers’ Chocolates has several opportunities. One opportunity is to maintain their current image to introduce new products to compete with Bernard Callebaut. Having a new product to compete can help can new customers and new market share. Another opportunity is to provide lower quality chocolates to reach a new target market. Being able to acquire a new market may bring those new customers to their current market. The main threat to Rogers’ chocolate is the competition. Not being able to keep up with the competition or current trends can lead to lost market share. With Godiva having superior packaging, distribution, and price points, and Bernard Callebaut having superior packaging and seasonal influence, Rogers’ Chocolate could be falling behind soon if they do not join the ranks. Rogers’ must find their niche in order to be able to compete not just locally, but globally. Alternative Strategies Rogers’ Chocolates will need to gain new customers if they want to grow the company. To gain new customers, Rogers’ must take a risk a re-brand themselves with a new packaging design to create a new image. Implementing a new brand image will gather a new crowd of consumers that Rogers’ did not reach with its current image. To be able to do so, Rogers’ will need some financial help in order to invest money into the new packaging design and image that they want to create. They will also need new store displays and marketing tools to be able to push the image to customers. By creating this new image, they run the risk of losing their current customers. The new image that Rogers’ creates will grab the attention of a new market that will help gain market share that they currently do not have to aid in the growth of the company. For growth to happen, Rogers’ must be more efficient in production. The problems caused by out of stocks and bad planning are causing Rogers’ to not be as successful. When production plans are put on hold to finish special orders, it is not a good sign. Production should be a continuous flow. To change the production efficiency, Rogers’ will have to hire more employees so their current ones are not doing multiple functions. They will also need to use the correct data when planning production and forecasting next year’s sales. Once again, money will be needed to hire and train new employees, as well as changing the planning method. Rogers’ risk is that the employees may not be as happy when new hires come, since a lot of the employees are third generation employees. Also, another risk is that the new planning may cause the same problems such as discounting products or even wrong forecasting. Another way for Rogers’ to grow is to boost their online presence. Since social media is growing, Rogers’ could take advantage of it to gain traffic to their website. By doing so, not only will sales go up, but they will also be able to reach a new age group of 18-34, who use online shopping. This will give them new customers that will start to aid in replacing the aging customers that Rogers’ currently have. Since social media is a low cost, not a lot of money will be needed, although it may be a good idea to hire a social media consultant to handle all the work. The only risk that I see Rogers’ facing is throwing away money if sales do not increase. If social media and a larger online presence are not working, Rogers’ could face a situation where they are not on the receiving end. They will need to research who the online customer base really is to gain information on how to market to that segment. Not only will a larger online presence grow the company, but also moving business to the United States will help in the growth as well. Opening up retail stores in the US will help Rogers’ to start to gain a global presence. The way that Rogers’ retails their products shows that they know how to do it locally. To be able to reach the US, they will need to put a lot of effort into research the market on how to market to US customers. In their current retail stores, they display their products to suit the season with a Victorian theme. Rogers’ will need to do the same for the US, but use the information gathered to create displays and marketing tools that will gain a following. By changing to fit and gain sales in the US, Rogers’ has the risk of losing their current image as well as spending a lot of money just to gain customers that they may not get. This is the riskiest strategy. They will spend a lot of money by building retail stores and staffing them and marketing to a new segment. The risk of having their image ruined is also a risk. Since Rogers’ is well rooted in tradition, this may cause a stir among employees and their customers. Recommendation After reviewing the analysis and the alternative strategies, Rogers’ has several ways to achieve growth. I recommend that Rogers’ re-brand themselves with new packaging and marketing tools. Although there is a risk of losing current customers, I believe that is a very small risk. People who buy Rogers’ Chocolates are very loyal customers and have been buying them for years. Rogers’ is a company based of providing premium chocolate with high quality. Changing the image will not affect the quality of their chocolates, but rather gain new customers they don’t currently have and be able to compete against Godiva and Bernard Callebaut. The image that Rogers’ needs to create is an image that will still hold its tradition, but at the same time be edgy enough to strengthen its packaging, advertising, and distribution. This will allow new customers to get to know what Rogers’ Chocolates is and be able to keep the current ones coming back. Conclusion As you can see, Rogers’ chocolates objective is growth for the company. An analysis was performed to show the current financial and environmental state Rogers’ is currently in. after reviewing the analysis, I found that Rogers’ is in a good position to grow and again market share using their current products. I recommended that Rogers’ Chocolates create a new, edgy brand image to gain a new customer base. This will keep their current, loyal customers and help gain new customers who are soon to be loyal as well. Rogers’ has put themselves in a position to make this strategic decision in order to grow the company into a market leader. How to cite Rogers Chocolate, Essay examples

Deer Essay Example For Students

Deer Essay The DeerThe deer has been around as long as man can remember. It has always been inNorth and South America, and not that long ago was brought to Europe. The deer hasbeen hunted for centuries by Stone Age man, American Indians, and now modern dayhunters. The weapons used to hunt deer have changed as time goes on. They werehunted with rocks by Stone Age man, with spears and hand crafted bow and arrows bythe Indians, with guns and still today the bow and arrow by modern day hunters. Thepurpose of my paper is to discuss the types of deer in the world today, what habitat theylive in, their instincts or habits, the over population of the whitetail deer in the UnitedStates, and the large sport of hunting deer. Their are three major types of deer in the world today. There is the whitetail deer,mule deer, and blacktail deer. The whitetail is the most popular of the three. Thewhitetail deer is broken up into many different species. The northwestern whitetail,Texas whitetail, northeastern white tail, southeastern whitetail, Coues whitetail, Mexicanwhitetail, and the Key whitetail are all the species in the Americas today. the mule deeris only broken into two different species. The Rocky Mountain mule deer and the desertmule deer are the two species. The blacktail deer is broken into two species also. Thereis the Sitka blacktail and the Columbia blacktail (Lawrence 60-62). Deer can live and flourish in just about any habitat. They are the only large animalthat lives every where in North America. Deer live in most of Central America and inmany parts of South America. The whitetail deer inhabits Central America, Mexico, allthe U.S. except Alaska and Hawaii, southern Canada, and South America. Recentlyhave been brought to Europe, the West Indies, and New Zealand. The mule deer livesin southwestern Canada, twenty two U.S. states, northwestern Coahuila,northern Chihuahua, northern Sonora, Texas, Arizona, northern Mexico, and southernCalifornia. The blacktail deer mainly inhabits the Pacific Coast. It lives betweensouthwestern Alaska and southern California. In the north the blacktail lives inVancouver, British Colombia, islands of Queen Charlotte, and have been brought to theislands in Prince William Sound. Towards the south the blacktail lives in California andat the turn of the century were brought to Hawaii (Lawrence 60-62). Deer like all animals have instincts or habits. Most deer, no matter where they livehave the same instincts. For example all deer in the northern hemisphere breed inNovember. This breeding period is called the rut. During the rut the only thing deer arethinking about is breeding. They pay no attention to cars on the road and that is why atthis time more than fifty percent of deer that get hit in a year get hit during the rut. Whilethe rut is going on in November all the bucks are checking out all the doe to see if theymeet their standards. Bucks are also showing of to the does by flaunting his rack andfighting and defeating other bucks to show their superiority (www.ohiowildlife.com). Mostall bucks are dominate and aggressive animals. There are a few older ones who do nothave any desire to fight. Instead of fighting they hide all day. Between August andOctober is when deer shed their velvet. During this time bucks hang around with eachother. They spar for fun with each other. they st ay friendly with each other till the rut(Ingram 49-51). Just about all deer have the same eating habits. Deer eat mainlybetween sundown and sunrise. Almost never will you see a deer go and eat in a field inbrood daylight. They eat in the fields at night but never during the day. During the day,when they occasionally theyll eat close and around the fields where they can feel safeand still get good crops. When the sun starts to come up they head back to theirbedding areas. On their way back to their bedding areas, or whatever movement they doduring the day they follow tree, fence, and creek lines. Deer that live adjacent big farmswith fields get to know farm machines, but split as soon as they see different vehicles. .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 , .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 .postImageUrl , .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 , .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7:hover , .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7:visited , .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7:active { border:0!important; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7:active , .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7 .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6b1cbda0bbe418232a3f577a05b2fad7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Juvenile Justice Reform EssayDeer usually sleep during the day and do as much as possible at night when they feelsafer(Murray 44). When it snows deer move around without worry because snow makesthe woods or fields quiet, so its easier to hear things. Even though their hearing getsbetter in snow their smelling gets worse. They dont lose any ability to smell, the scentsin the woods are covered and not allowed to spread. Deer turn gray in winter to be blendin to there surroundings. They have a tough time walking in deep snow. In awful stormsdeer go under or into thick cover and can and will stay there for days. A big snow stormwill also mess up dear eating habits. They are fo rced into eating twigs and buds of smalltrees. In winter, when there is no snow, they normally eat crop remains, acorns, broadleaves, weeds, and grass (Almy 104-107). The overpopulation of deer is becoming a big problem in most of the U.S. today. Many states are encouraging people to hunt to lower the number of deer in an area. Insome places their are so many that the deer are getting very skinny and sick because oflack of food. In the U.S. today their is an estimated average of thirteen million deer,compared to the turn of the century when there was only five hundred thousand. Overtwo million are killed each year by hunters and cars. Even though that two million a yearare killed, range and population are going up (Lawrence 60-62). Most states haveopened up state owned property for the use of the public to hunt. There are so manydoe, female deer, in the U.S. today that most that most of them do not get to breed,because there are not enough bucks. Many towns in the U.S. are trying to get hunters tohunt more doe in hope that it brings down their population. They are encouraginghunters by lowering tag costs (www.ohiowildlife.com). Deer hunting has become a very large sport in the world today. It is enjoyed bymales and females of all ages. Hunters use a wide variety of weapons when huntingdeer. The most commonly used are the rifle, shotgun, and bow and arrow. The rifle ismore popular than the shotgun and bow. The bow and arrow were never really useduntil the late seventies, but now has become very popular. The bow is the safest andquietest weapon used to hunt deer. For example in the state of Ohio, since 1943 there has only been one death from a bow hunting accident. Crossbows are sometimes usedto hunt deer also. In some states, for example Massachusetts, crossbows are outlawed. The deer that is hunted the most is the whitetail deer. Deer hunting has become such apopular sport that last year in Ohio it contributed two hundred million dollars to Ohioseconomy. The deer hunter is said to spend an average of about four hundred dollars ayear on hunting. That doesnt include cost of a deer hunting licenses and permits. Illegaldeer poaching does happen a lot believe it or not. States are making a big effort to tryand stop it by setting up hotlines for people to call if they witness any illegal poaching(www.ohiowildlife.com). Deer hunting has become one of Prince William of Englandmost favorite things to do. At 14 he shot his first deer. Prince Harry, Williams youngerbrother, only twelve, is very interested in hunting too. Even Princes Diana has huntedand shot a deer. She was only thirteen when she shot it and is said to have been boredby hunting (Prince William bags a stag, getting blooded and prompting an outcry 62). .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 , .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 .postImageUrl , .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 , .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399:hover , .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399:visited , .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399:active { border:0!important; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399:active , .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399 .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5963ed0e0d8e4ba32041baae6bc5d399:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Questions of Goverment EssayWhat you should have learned in this paper is the types of deer that live in theworld today, what habitat deer live in, their habits, the over population of the whitetaildeer in the United States, and the large sport of hunting deer. I just got into bow huntinglast year, that is why I decided to do the deer for my term paper. I was introduced to bowhunting by my cousins in New Jersey. I went down there to visit last year and mycousins are the best bow hunters in the state of New Jersey. In the I.B.O tournamentsthe last three years one of them has come in first and the other in second every year. They were so happy that I wanted to start bow hunting they set me up and gave me allthe goods. They brought me out hunting and in twenty minutes one of them had a doe. Since then I have been buying all the equipment I need and practicing every week. Ithink deer are wonderful animals and I hope to bag one this year. If you are never notsure about getting into the sport, do it, its the best thing I ever did. Even if you areagainst the killing of deer go out some day and just sit in the woods and watch them theyare gracious animals. Category: Miscellaneous

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processe

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processe. Answer: Introduction: For this assignment, the HBR case study has been selected. It is named as Is the Rookie ready by Sarah Green. The summary of this case study is that Tim OConnell, the manager at Driscoll Software gets a call from the company Hybara Casinos one week before Christmas. It has been found that the clients system used by the company previously is crashed. Now, the company wants to be rescued before the day of New Year. This project has developed conflict in the mind of Tim OConnell. It can generate high amount of revenue but it also needs six weeks worth time that is crammed into two and more holidays. In addition, it has been found that star programmer of Tim named Alessandra Sandoval had quitted the job several months ago. Now, the rookie Kristen Hammersmith has taken her place at job. A manager has to listen, delegate, compromise and lead by example (Wang et al. 2013). In this HBR case study, both Kristen Hammersmith and Tim OConnell are addressed as managers. Kristen is newly appointed in the place of star programmer Alessandra Sandoval. Without any argument, Kristen can be considered as rookie. However, by analyzing Tims rash decision and behavior on the Hybara project, it can be said that he had proven himself as a rookie manager. Wang et al. (2013) stated that a good manager with effective leadership skills would never make any commitment to a short deadline along with numerous constraints. A manger never should agree to complete a project without asking some questions to customers and discussing with project managers or team leaders. Tim OConnell has understood that Hybaras urgency is an opportunity for his company to gain a large amount of revenue. However, he fails to understand the desperation of Hybara that can help Tim to get better delivery timeframe. I t can also help the company to gain extra revenue for the project installation. There are many evidences can be found that proved that Tim is an ineffective manager. He is committed to complete a project within a short deadline during Christmas. He has ignored the fact that most of the employees may not work due to vacation. Hence, it can be considered as impulsive irresponsible decision. Secondly, it has been found that Tim dealt ineffectively with his star programmer Alessandra Sandoval. Tim was never comfortable to work with Alessandra that lead her to leave the company. Touveneau et al. (2013) stated that conflict, stress and tension can arise at work at any time. However, dealing with issues at appropriate time with proper attention can resolve them. Tim is also not able to develop trusting relationship with the new project manager named Kristen. Tim has successfully delegated a task to Kristen but he is not able to manage the outcome of the task successfully. Hence, Tims management style can be recognized as rookie management style. He should contact Hybara, revise the installation plan, and ask for extra fees for the last minute installation. Tim has to make sure that Kristen and his team gets proper resources, time, budget and overall support so that they complete the task within time. Reference list Touveneau, S., Clack, L., Ginet, C., Stewardson, A., Schindler, M., Bourrier, M., Pittet, D. and Sax, H., 2013. Leadership styles of ward head nurses and implementation successa qualitative inquiry in the framework of a mixed-method study on hand hygiene promotion through patient involvement.Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control,2(1), p.1. Wang, A.C., Chiang, J.T.J., Tsai, C.Y., Lin, T.T. and Cheng, B.S., 2013. Gender makes the difference: The moderating role of leader gender on the relationship between leadership styles and subordinate performance.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,122(2), pp.101-113.

How to Write an Abstract Paragraph For Opinion Essay

How to Write an Abstract Paragraph For Opinion EssayIf you are writing an essay, and you are not sure what to write about, then your best bet is to learn the sample abstract paragraph for opinion essay. The following paragraphs will give you a good idea of how to structure and format a solid thesis statement and a good idea of what a sample essay should be like.As you can tell from the sample abstract paragraph for opinion essay, your opinion should be about something that you have experienced first hand. The more personal your essay is, the more likely you are to get an A. In fact, if you decide to go with the opinion section of your essay, make sure it is your opinion. Don't put your subject into a box, but let the reader see your personality through your opinion. Think of your essay as being like a conversation, rather than a scientific article.The title of your essay is also important when writing the abstract paragraph for opinion essay. Whether you choose to call it 'The thesis 'The opinion,' don't be afraid to let the reader know what the topic is. You will also want to leave room for a good foot note at the end of your essay. Having a proper ending is a plus as well, so don't forget to include it.When you have finished writing your top paragraphs, all you have to do is to read them over and edit them for spelling and grammar. Make sure to check all the points made in the paragraph against the facts of your essay. Even the slight misspelling of words and formatting errors can make a big difference in how your essay is received.Writing your essay is just as important as choosing the right topic, but the subject has a great deal more impact. Remember, your opinion should be about something that you have personally experienced or learned something about. You may have experienced a terrible weather event, watched a movie that won an award, or read an amazing book, but to have something that you have personally experienced does not count. The facts of your opi nion and your experience count more than what anyone else has experienced.When you have finished writing your abstract paragraph for opinion essay, try to turn it in to someone in authority within your school or college. By making the most of your essay, you will find that you will have an easier time getting accepted for your admission.Just remember that you need to focus on your strengths when writing your abstract paragraph for opinion essay. Your resume needs to be as impressive as possible, and it will not be accepted by most colleges if you do not put your best foot forward.

Shoplifting Effects The Community Essays - Theft, Retailing, Crimes

Shoplifting effects the community Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Shoplifting effects the community Shoplifting is a major problem in today life. The temptation of not paying for something, just hiding it away and saving your own money is a large factor for some people. The culprit just thinks he's getting a product for free and doesn't know what he's actually doing to himself and the community. Shoplifting effects everyone, yourself and the everyone in the local neighborhood. In this essay I'm going to explain some of the circumstances of stealing from local stores, or any store. After I've been caught stealing I found out how wrong it is and how it is a disadvantage to everyone. The stores are tying to crack down on shoplifters by making the punishments as strict as possible. Shoplifting effects the community in a big way. The stores get about three cents per every dollar purchased for an item. So if you figure that they don't make a whole lot of money out of profit. Every shoplifter that takes a product also is taking the product, which costs money by the store so that is also a set back and puts them more in dept. Some stores might even closed down because of shoplifters making the store go bankrupt. The stores usually raise there prices and then causes more shoplifting, but the people that don't shoplift just end up having to pay more for the product or else go somewhere else to shop. If the customer goes to a different store because of the rising prices the store will also lose business therefore could cause them to go out of business if enough customers leave. From shoplifting I've found out what happens to the stores and the people that keep trying to get five finger discount on products. If you do shoplift you feel immense humiliation and distrust from friends and family, and your own conscious is hurt if it isn't then there is something wrong with your feelings not to feel bad about stealing from stores. Every time you steal from stores they are set back that much money and might even have to fire someone that could be one of your friends. People in the community lose respect for you. If you do know someone that is in teen court or are friends with someone that is in teen court you will get your discipline from them, believe me I know. It helps out the community service areas if you have to do community service while the culprit is stuck doing numerous hours of work, without any pay, but it doesn't help you at all. Shoplifting can also affect you towards the community, because if you have shoplifting on your record it will be difficult to get a job, some don't want people who break the law working for them. Just shoplifting from that store will prevent you from getting a job there ever or any of that kind if it is a chain. Just the fact of breaking the law while shoplifting should be bad enough reason not to do it. Even if it does effect your community, and you should care about that. Shoplifting is a crime and has a major consequence compared to what you can get out of it. Even if peer pressure is a factor, or just the fact that you wanted the product and didn't have the money, stealing is wrong. It's self righteously wrong and it's against the law and I'm sorry for what I did.

Free Essays on Psychological Effects Of Marijuana

, people take them to get away from their everyday life, both mentally and physically. Drugs are sometimes used as an aid in religious pr... Free Essays on Psychological Effects Of Marijuana Free Essays on Psychological Effects Of Marijuana Marijuana, in today’s time, is the second most widely recognized mind-altering drug, next to alcohol. Marijuana has very many street names, and it can be smoked or eaten. Addiction to marijuana has not ever been proven, although consistent long term use of it can lead to major psychological dependence. Marijuana, as with any drug, can cause serious problems with the user’s ability to function in everyday life. A drug can be defined as any substance in small amounts that can produce significant changes in the body and mind. Most people don’t realize that this term can mean anything from the caffeine in almost every soft drink made and the nicotine found in cigarettes, to really hard-core drugs such as cocaine, heroin, LSD, and marijuana. What about sugar, or chocolate, or even salt? Most people would say these are just foods or flavors, but every one of them alters the body or mind in some fashion, and whether people know it or not, are addicting. Marijuana is a green-brown, or gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves, and the stems, seeds, and flowers of the Indian hemp plant cannabis sativa. Marijuana can be smoked in a bong or pipe, or rolled up in ‘rolling papers’, commonly known as a joint. It can also be eaten in such foods as brownies, and in practically anything else edible. Marijuana has over 200 slang or street names. Just a few of those are: pot, grass, reefer, weed, mary-jane, herb, boom, gangster or gangsta, and chronic. Marijuana has been known to be around as early as 3000 BC, located mostly in Central Asia and China. It wasn’t until about the 60’s and 70’s, however, that marijuana gained widespread use in the United States. Most people nowadays take and eventually abuse drugs simply because they want to vary their conscious experiences. In other words, people take them to get away from their everyday life, both mentally and physically. Drugs are sometimes used as an aid in religious pr...

A CRITIQUE OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE FROM A PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL Essay

A CRITIQUE OF A RESEARCH ARTICLE FROM A PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL - Essay Example In this assignment, this reviewer will critically review a research article from a professional journal (Baldwin, K. M., & Nail, L. M., 2000). The purpose of any critical review is better understanding and learning so new knowledge is build. Moreover, critical thinking is an important acumen for the present day healthcare professionals where professional standards need to be updated in order to provide clients with the best possible care based on evidence (Fink, A., 1998). Healthcare research has advanced keeping pace with the advancement of modern technology guided healthcare practice, and the best evidence can be obtained from the professional medical journals. The most interesting fact is that evidence from professional journals from research articles needs to be gleaned with critical examination of the facts, findings, and reasoning presented there (Bailey, D. , 1997). In other words, the facts presented in a scientific research must be questioned in order to establish the logic of the findings presented there. This can be only done by a systematic review of the article in light of the theoretical paradigms of research methodology that establishes the strength and power of the findings that can serve as evidence (White S & Stracombe J., 2003). Therefore, this author has chosen an article from a journal that is related to her practice and expects that critically reviewing this article would serve to provide evidence that can be utilized in practice in order to upgrade it. The process of evidence-based practice is dependent on the theoretical framework that clinical decisions are as far as possible informed by current research evidence (Sterling,Y. M., 2001). Critical review converts the process of seeking information from research into a series of clear questions that need to be answered clearly, so the truthfulness and usefulness of the research in practice can

See attachment for essay question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

See attachment for question - Essay Example This paper shall now discuss the preceding statement, examining the implications of such statement for social work practice. It shall define madness based on a technical and operational definition of the term as will now be used and applied in this paper. It shall then discuss where madness originated from, focusing on the evolution of the thought processes related to the current concept and understanding of madness. This paper shall apply madness and its concepts to social work and their work with service users. It shall also cover relevant legislation. Finally, this paper shall discuss the ethics and values of social work in relation to madness. This paper is being undertaken in order to assess and evaluate the current subject matter and how it affects the current social work practice. It ultimately aims to ensure a more profound, academics, scholarly application, and evidence-based application of the subject matter. The Cambridge Dictionaries Online (2010) defines madness as â€Å"the state of being mentally ill or unable to behave in a reasonable way†. This definition is again another generic definition of madness, one that can even easily be interchanged with the term crazy or insane. Nevertheless, the definition points out important elements about one’s state of mind in this condition of madness – which it relates to a state of being in an unreasonable or illogical state of mind. The mental processes and the normal logical thoughts of a person are compromised in times of madness; hence, in instances when one is not logically processing ideas and thoughts, some people are prone to label such person as ‘mad.’ The Encyclopedie (as cited by Foucault, 2005, p. 98) sets forth that madness means to â€Å"depart from reason with confidence and in the firm conviction that one is following it†. There is a broken relationship between man and his reason and the p erson believes that his mind is

Cognitive Therapy for Mood Disorders: Analysis

Cognitive Therapy for Mood Disorders: Analysis Cognitive therapy is a highly effective treatment for mood disorders. Discuss. As Karasu noted in 1982, there has historically been a polarization of the field of treatment of all psychological conditions; on the one hand, there is a camp which touts psychotherapy as the most effective and superior form of treatment, and on the other, there are those who champion the cause of pharmacotherapy as the most effective treatment.[1] In Karasu’s words, this separation between the two disciplines is likely to be â€Å"symptomatic of the post-Cartesian mind-body dichotomy at the core of modern medicine.† Statements about the effectiveness of the one or the other, which is often held to be thus the superior of the two, should be viewed through this lens. Before we can address the question of whether or not cognitive therapy is a highly effective treatment for mood disorders, we need to be clear about what we mean by â€Å"cognitive therapy† and â€Å"mood disorders†. Mood disorders are typically taken to cover a range of depressive disorders which include both unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, and which might range from full-blown major depression through to the display of some depressive symptoms. According to Blackburn et al., citing Beck’s (1967, 1976) cognitive theory of depression, someone who is depressed will view themselves as a â€Å"loser† and will interpret all their experiences in terms of their own inadequacies. They will anticipate that their present difficulties will continue indefinitely and, blaming themselves, they will become increasingly self-critical. As well as this negative view of the self, the world and the future, they will also make â€Å"logical systematic errors†, which will lead them to draw erroneous conclusions about their experiences. Such errors might include personalization, over-generalization, magnification and minimization. They will also have â€Å"dysfunctional basic premises† or â€Å"idiosyncratic schemas†, which help them to sieve, categorize and act upon information that they receive from their experiences of the world around them..[2] The aim of cognitive therapy is to change these negative schemas through the use of a variety of cognitive and behavioural techniques. The approach is problem-oriented and time-limited, typically lasting about 12 weeks.[1] The most frequently reported forms of cognitive therapy in the literature are cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT). Other techniques include psychoeducation, psychodynamic focal therapies and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Throughout this paper, the terms cognitive therapy and psychotherapy are used interchangeably. Among these different cognitive therapy techniques, CBT is the one most often considered in the literature, and it is widely reported to be effective, but how do we decide if something is highly effective or not? To decide how effective a treatment is, we need to consider the available evidence. What follows is not a full and systematic review of the literature, which is beyond the scope of this paper, but rather, a look at some of the available evidence to date on the subject and an outline of the key issues. In it, I propose that the evidence for the effectiveness of cognitive therapy as a treatment for depression is not unequivocal and that a more integrated approach would be more beneficial. Writing in 1981, Blackburn et al. cite a study by Rush et al. (1977), which was one of the earlier studies comparing cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy, and which showed that cognitive therapy was superior to the drug imipramine in outpatients with unipolar depression in both level of response and rate of premature treatment termination.[2] They attempted to replicate that study, but comparing a range of drugs with cognitive therapy, rather than just imipramine, and they also tested a combination of both cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy. They found cognitive therapy to be only minimally more effective than the drugs in a group of mildly to moderately depressed hospital outpatients, but significantly more so than drugs alone in general practice, both alone and in combination with drugs. In both groups, using a combination of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy produced the greatest effect of all.[1] However, as the researchers do note, they used no objective method to assess patients’ compliance with the pharmacotherapy regimen.[2] In their study of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and assertion training (AT) groups for patients with depression and comorbid personality disorders, Ball et al. found CBT alone to produce a significant improvement in all the outcomes measured, including at follow-up.[3] However, the group that received a combination of CBT and AT showed only minimal improvement on the social competence and anxiety measures[4], and only two of the four measures that were significant immediately after the treatment were still significant at follow-up.[5] In short, the presence of a comorbid personality disorder appeared to impede the response to CBT and AT and the outcomes at follow-up.[6] Since depressed patients have high rates of comorbid personality disorders[7], these results have significant implications for the use of cognitive therapy in combination with other forms of non-pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depression. The use of a much briefer CBT protocol in this study (15 hours over five weeks), which as Ball et al. note is about half that in most studies in the CBT outcomes literature, should be noted. If briefer protocols like this can produce appreciable long-term improvements in the prognosis of depression, then this is likely to be more cost-effective than the longer protocols typically employed.[8] However, since the study was uncontrolled, there may well be other explanations for the results. Clearly more studies, particularly randomised controlled trials (RCTs), of cognitive therapy in this under-researched group are needed. In their recent review of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy treatments for mood and anxiety disorders, Otto et al. noted that in terms of acute outcomes, both CBT and pharmacological treatments have repeatedly been shown to be efficacious and in most cases to offer an approximately equal effect, though there are some suggestions that CBT is more tolerable and especially more cost-effective.[1] CBT has, however, consistently shown a strong relapse-prevention effect, in direct contrast to pharmacotherapy, which often requires ongoing treatment to prevent relapse.[2] It has been suggested that pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy have differential effects, the former on symptom formation and affective distress, and the latter on interpersonal relations and social adjustment, each activated and sustained on a different time schedule, the pharmacological treatments sooner and over a shorter duration and the psychotherapeutic treatments later and over a longer duration.[3] There is some evidence that CBT and pharmacotherapy may produce similar limbic and cortical changes in the brain, but also that they target different primary sites.[4] There is, moreover, some evidence of complementary modes of action among patients who fail on one form of treatment but gain benefit from the other.[5] Such complementarity favours a more integrated approach to the treatment of depression that combines the beneficial effects of both pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy, but is there any evidence that such an approach does indeed work? In their 1986 review of the evidence for the effectiveness of combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for the treatment of depression, Conte et al. found a combination of the two approaches to be more effective than either of the treatments alone, though the apparently additive effect was not a strong one. Conte et al. highlight a number of possible explanations for the observed effect, including the high drop-out rates in the studies they considered, making generalization difficult, the differential response to pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy dependent on whether the diagnosis was endogenous or situational, questions about whether it is either ethical or even practically possible to have a placebo in psychotherapy trials, and the low power of their own overall approach to their review.[1] Conte et al. also suggest that whilst their results might support the additive model, they might also be explained if some patients benefit more from one treatment and some more from the other. [2] The non-standard nature of diagnoses, therapies, training and experience of therapists also makes comparisons and generalizations difficult, if not impossible.[3],[4] In 1997, Thase et al. suggested that their mega-analysis comparing psychotherapy with psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy combinations provided evidence of the superiority of a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy over psychotherapy alone for the more severely-depressed outpatients, both in terms of overall recovery rates and a shorter time to recovery.[5] However, none of the patients older than 60 received psychotherapy and none with non-recurrent depression were in the combination group.[6] The less seriously depressed patients treated with interpersonal therapy (IPT) or CBT alone achieved results comparable to those in the combination group.[7] As it is, this evidence for the effectiveness of a combined approach is ambiguous. There are further problems with this study, though. Comorbid patients were excluded[8] – and as has been noted earlier, comorbidity is typically associated with poorer outcomes – and a disproportionately large number of the patients had recurrent depression, so if the combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is more effective in this sub-group, this will lend a skew to the picture suggesting effectiveness in all severely-depressed patients.[9] Finally, inasmuch as this is a mega-analysis, the non-standard nature of diagnoses, therapies, training and experience of therapists highlighted earlier makes generalizations very difficult, a problem noted by the authors of this study also.[1] In their 2004 review, Pampallona et al. concluded that a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy produced a greater improvement in depression scores than pharmacotherapy alone.[2] Pampallona et al. note that the addition of psychotherapy does appear to reduce the degree of non-response and increase adherence, but they question whether this is because psychotherapy has a genuine therapeutic effect or whether it is merely enhancing compliance with the pharmacological regimen, and suggest further studies with an improved range of outcome measures, including patient satisfaction, well-being and social functioning.[3] In their 2005 review, however, Otto et al. found that acute outcome studies with depressed outpatients provided only limited support for the theory that a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy is more efficacious than either approach alone. They did find higher rates of treatment response, but the differences were small and not statistically significant.[4] Adding psychotherapy to the acute phase of a pharmacological treatment regimen was found to offer a comparable efficacy to a long-term pharmacological regimen in helping to prevent more than one relapse.[5] Otto et al. did find that adding CBT to a pharmacological course of treatment improved medication adherence, reduced the impact of psychosocial stressors such as negative life events and anxiety comorbidity, prevented or limited the severity of prodromal episodes, and directly improved outcomes in bipolar disorder.[6] The evidence, then, for the effectiveness of cognitive therapy as a treatment for depression is not unequivocal. It does appear to improve outcomes, but it is unclear whether to a greater or approximately equivalent extent to pharmacological approaches to treatment. Whilst the evidence for adopting a combined approach is also not clear-cut, since the vast majority of people with depression experience multiple episodes over their lifetime, and are especially prone to relapses shortly after their first episode[1], and in light of both the possibly complementary mode of action of cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy and the possibly harmful effects of long-term anti-depressant use, a more effective long-term strategy might involve the integration of both approaches. This might involve a drugs-based regimen in the earlier stages of depression, to treat symptoms and affective distress, and cognitive therapy throughout, to treat the interpersonal and social dimensions of depression, enhan ce compliance to the drugs-based regimen and treat and prevent relapses. Vos et al. modeled the impact of adopting a longer-term maintenance strategy on the burden of major depression, and suggested that this could avert half the depression occurring in the five years after an episode.[2] A combined strategy would appear therefore to show some promise in reducing the quite significant disease burden placed by depression on society and improving the lives of those who suffer from it. Further robust controlled trials are clearly needed to assess the effectiveness of cognitive therapy, both alone and in combination with pharmacotherapy, as a part of an integrated long-term strategy. References Ball, J., Kearney, B., Wilhelm, K., Dewhurst-Savellis, J. Barton, B. (2000) ‘Cognitive behaviour therapy and assertion training groups for patients with depression and comorbid personality disorders’, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, 1, 71-85 Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) ‘The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression: A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination’, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 181-189 Conte, H., Plutchik, R., Wild, K. V. Karasu, T. (1986) ‘Combined Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depression: A Systematic Analysis of the Evidence’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 43, 471-479 Karasu, T. (1982) ‘Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy: Toward an Integrative Model’, Am J Psychiatry 139, 9, 1102-1113 Klein, D. F. (2000) ‘Flawed Meta-Analyses Comparing Psychotherapy with Pharmacotherapy’, Am J Psychiatr 157, 1204-1211 Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J. Reese, H. E. (2005) ‘Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults: Review and analysis’, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 12, 1, 72-86 Pampallona, S., Bollini, P., Tibaldi, G., Kupelnick, B. Munizza, C. (2004) ‘Combined Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatment for Depression: A Systematic Review’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 7, 714-719 Thase, M. E., Greenhouse, J. B., Frank, E., Reynolds, C. F., Pilkonis, P., Hurley, K., Grochocinski, V. Kupfer, D. J. (1997) ‘Treatment of Major Depression With Psychotherapy or Psychotherapy-Pharmacotherapy Combinations’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 54, 1009-1015 Vos, T., Haby, M., Barendregt, J. J., Kruijshaar, M., Corry, J. Andrews, G. (2004) ‘The Burden of Major Depression Avoidable by Longer-term Treatment Strategies’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 11, 1097-1103 1 Footnotes [1] Karasu, T. (1982) ‘Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy: Toward an Integrative Model’, Am J Psychiatry 139, 9, 1102 [2] Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) ‘The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression: A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination’, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 181 [1] Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) ‘The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression: A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination’, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 181 [2] Blackburn et al., 182 [1] Blackburn, I. M., Bishop, S., Glen, A. I. M., Whalley, L. J. Christie, J. E. (1981) ‘The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression: A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination’, Brit J Psychiatry 139, 188 [2] Blackburn et al., 188 [3] Ball, J., Kearney, B., Wilhelm, K., Dewhurst-Savellis, J. Barton, B. (2000) ‘Cognitive behaviour therapy and assertion training groups for patients with depression and comorbid personality disorders’, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, 1, 77 [4] Ball et al., 80 [5] Ball et al., 81 [6] Ball et al., 82 [7] Ball et al., 73 [8] Ball et al., 81,82 [1] Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J. Reese, H. E. (2005) ‘Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults: Review and analysis’, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 12, 1, 73 [2] Otto et al., 73 [3] Karasu, T. (1982) ‘Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy: Toward an Integrative Model’, Am J Psychiatry 139, 9, 1111 [4] Otto et al., 74 [5] Otto et al., 74-75 [1] Conte, H., Plutchik, R., Wild, K. V. Karasu, T. (1986) ‘Combined Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depression: A Systematic Analysis of the Evidence’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 43, 477-478 [2] Conte et al., 478 [3] Conte et al., 478 [4] Klein, D. F. (2000) ‘Flawed Meta-Analyses Comparing Psychotherapy with Pharmacotherapy’, Am J Psychiatr 157, 1204 [5] Thase, M. E., Greenhouse, J. B., Frank, E., Reynolds, C. F., Pilkonis, P., Hurley, K., Grochocinski, V. Kupfer, D. J. (1997) ‘Treatment of Major Depression With Psychotherapy or Psychotherapy-Pharmacotherapy Combinations’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 54, 1012-1013 [6] Thase et al., 1012-1013 [7] Thase et al., 1013 [8] Thase et al., 1014 [9] Thase et al., 1014 [1] Thase, M. E., Greenhouse, J. B., Frank, E., Reynolds, C. F., Pilkonis, P., Hurley, K., Grochocinski, V. Kupfer, D. J. (1997) ‘Treatment of Major Depression With Psychotherapy or Psychotherapy-Pharmacotherapy Combinations’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 54, 1014 [2] Pampallona, S., Bollini, P., Tibaldi, G., Kupelnick, B. Munizza, C. (2004) ‘Combined Pharmacotherapy and Psychological Treatment for Depression: A Systematic Review’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 7, 718 [3] Pampallona et al., 718 [4] Otto, M. W., Smits, J. A. J. Reese, H. E. (2005) ‘Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults: Review and analysis’, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 12, 1, 73 [5] Otto et al., 75 [6] Otto et al., 76 [1] Vos, T., Haby, M., Barendregt, J. J., Kruijshaar, M., Corry, J. Andrews, G. (2004) ‘The Burden of Major Depression Avoidable by Longer-term Treatment Strategies’, Arch Gen Psychiatry 61, 11, 1102 [2] Vos et al., 1101-1102